Relevant titles and abstracts were evaluated against the eligibility criteria by one reviewer (ADM).
The complete final search strategy is shown in online supplementary appendix 2.
Step 3: Further searching of references and citationsĪ search was conducted of the reference list of the most relevant identified articles while authors of relevant primary comprehensive, scoping or systematic reviews were contacted for further information. The advanced search function on Google was used to look for relevant reports and articles from the World Golf Foundation, the Royal and Ancient, the British Journal of Sports Medicine, The American College of Sports Medicine and the Faculty of Sports and Exercise Medicine while representatives of these organisations were contacted for further information. ‘Golf’ as the only search term was used for the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. The same search terms used for SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were applied to search for theses in the ProQuest database. A pragmatic decision to review only the Google Scholar articles with these terms in the title was taken following consultation with a research librarian.Ī similar strategy was applied to the grey literature. All relevant articles from SPORTDiscus and Web of Science were reviewed, with the same search strategy applying to Google Scholar. Boolean terms AND and OR were used to extract relevant studies. Secondary search terms included a broader set of keywords for SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. For the health-focused databases, namely MEDLINE and PsycINFO, ‘golf’ was used as the only search term to maximise inclusivity. The research team identified golf as the only primary research term. The title, abstract and index terms used to describe the articles identified in step 1 were analysed. Step 2: Identify key words and index terms We therefore undertook a scoping review that maps available evidence, in order to identify the existing gaps in evidence and document impacts of golf on health where these data were available.Īn initial limited search (September 2015) of SPORTDiscus and Google Advanced Search for review articles and ProQuest for dissertations was conducted as detailed in the published protocol. 13 A clear need exists to comprehensively review the relationships between golf and health. A recent systematic review of health benefits related to sport suggested that evidence was conclusive only for football (soccer) and running, noting further evaluation and research looking at other sports, including golf, was required. Previous reviews, 9 10 including a systematic review, 11 have been undertaken to consider the relationships between golf and health with many of these focusing on the subject of golf-related injuries, while a further review of undocumented methodology 12 focused on health benefits only.
7 8 To date the review evidence on this topic is limited. Golf is particularly popular among middle-aged and older adults, who are generally less active than younger adults. Golf has potential to provide physical activity, and thus health and social benefits to persons of all ages. 3 There is compelling evidence that regular physical activity has longevity, physical and mental health benefits for people of all ages, genders, geographical and socioeconomic backgrounds, and can deliver economic benefits for communities, as well as national and international policymakers. Health is influenced by a range of individual behaviours and characteristics, and the physical, social and economic environment that people are subject to.
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